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① There is a reason why so many of us are attracted to recorded music these days, especially considering personal music players are common and people are listening to music through headphones a lot. ② Recording engineers and musicians have learned to create special effects that tickle our brains by exploiting neural circuits that evolved to discern important features of our auditory environment. ③ These special effects are similar in principle to 3-D art, motion pictures, or visual illusions, none of which have been around long enough for our brains to have evolved special mechanisms to perceive them. ④ Rather, 3-D art, motion pictures, and visual illusions leverage perceptual systems that are in place to accomplish other things. ⑤ Because they use these neural circuits in novel ways, we find them especially interesting. ⑥ The same is true of the way that modern recordings are made.

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① Like the physiological discoveries of the late nineteenth century, today's biological breakthrough has fundamentally altered our understanding of how the human organism works and will change medical practice fundamentally and thoroughly. ② The word breakthrough, however, seems to imply in many people's minds an amazing, unprecedented revelation that, in an instant, makes everything clear. ③ Science doesn't actually work that way. ④ Remember the scientific method, which you probably first learned about back in elementary school? ⑤ It has a long and difficult process of observation, hypothesis, experiment, testing, modifying, retesting, and retesting again and again and again. ⑥ That's how science works, and the breakthrough understanding of the relationship between our genes and chronic disease happened in just that way, building on the work of scientists from decades―even centuries―ago. ⑦ In fact, it is still happening; the story continues to unfold as the research presses on.

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① Resident-bird habitat selection is seemingly a straightforward process in which a young dispersing individual moves until it finds a place where it can compete successfully to satisfy its needs. ② Initially, these needs include only food and shelter. ③ However, eventually, the young must locate, identify, and settle in a habitat that satisfies not only survivorship but reproductive needs as well. ④ In some cases, the habitat that provides the best opportunity for survival may not be the same habitat as the one that provides for highest reproductive capacity because of requirements specific to the reproductive period. ⑤ Thus, individuals of many resident species, confronted with the fitness benefits of control over a productive breeding site, may be forced to balance costs in the form of lower nonbreeding survivorship by remaining in the specific habitat where highest breeding success occurs. ⑥ Migrants, however, are free to choose the optimal habitat for survival during the nonbreeding season and for reproduction during the breeding season. ⑦ Thus, habitat selection during these different periods can be quite different for migrants as opposed to residents, even among closely related species.

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① Where does one start when writing the history of water management? ② People, Homo sapiens and our past ancestors and relatives, must always have been managing water in some manner as far back as six million years, the date at which we shared a common ancestor with the chimpanzee. ③ Chimpanzees are known to crumple up leaves to use as sponges for transporting water from hollow tree trunks to their mouths; we must assume that our ancestors were not only doing the same but carrying water short distances, whether cupped in their hands, within folded leaves or in skin containers. ④ While we lack any direct archaeological evidence for such water carrying, it is implied by the remains of camping or activity sites found in locations distant from water sources. ⑤ Such evidence is itself problematic, however, because sufficiently detailed environmental reconstructions to pinpoint the specific location of a river course or the nearest pool of standing water are difficult for the earliest periods of prehistory.

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① The major oceans are all interconnected, so that their geographical boundaries are less clear than those of the continents. ② As a result, their biotas show fewer clear differences than those on land. ③ The oceans themselves are continually moving because the water within each ocean basin slowly rotates. ④ These moving waters carry marine organisms from place to place, and also help the dispersal of their young or larvae. ⑤ Furthermore, the gradients between the environments of different areas of ocean water mass are very gradual and often extend over wide areas that are inhabited by a great variety of organisms of differing ecological tolerances. ⑥ There are no firm boundaries within the open oceans although there may be barriers to the movement of organisms.